Mental practice in postgraduate training: a randomized controlled trial in mastoidectomy skills.
Identifieur interne : 000C09 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000C08; suivant : 000C10Mental practice in postgraduate training: a randomized controlled trial in mastoidectomy skills.
Auteurs : Anne Conlin [Canada] ; Jane Lea [Canada] ; Manohar Bance [Canada] ; Neil Chadha [Canada] ; Shaun Kilty [Canada] ; Frederick Kozak [Canada] ; Julian Savage [Canada] ; Ravindar Sidhu [Canada] ; Joseph Chen [Canada] ; Brian D. Westerberg [Canada]Source :
- Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale [ 1916-0216 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte (MeSH), Colombie-Britannique (MeSH), Compétence clinique (MeSH), Enregistrement sur magnétoscope (MeSH), Enseignement spécialisé en médecine (MeSH), Entretiens comme sujet (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Internat et résidence (MeSH), Mastoïde (chirurgie), Mâle (MeSH), Oto-rhino-laryngologie (enseignement et éducation), Processus mentaux (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chirurgie : Mastoïde.
- enseignement et éducation : Oto-rhino-laryngologie.
- Adulte, Colombie-Britannique, Compétence clinique, Enregistrement sur magnétoscope, Enseignement spécialisé en médecine, Entretiens comme sujet, Femelle, Humains, Internat et résidence, Mâle, Processus mentaux.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), British Columbia (MeSH), Clinical Competence (MeSH), Education, Medical, Graduate (MeSH), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Internship and Residency (MeSH), Interviews as Topic (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Mastoid (surgery), Mental Processes (MeSH), Otolaryngology (education), Video Recording (MeSH).
- MESH :
- education : Otolaryngology.
- surgery : Mastoid.
- Adult, British Columbia, Clinical Competence, Education, Medical, Graduate, Female, Humans, Internship and Residency, Interviews as Topic, Male, Mental Processes, Video Recording.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Mental practice, the cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of overt physical movement, has been successfully used in teaching complex psychomotor tasks including sports and music, and recently, surgical skills. The objectives of this study were, 1) To develop and evaluate a mental practice protocol for mastoidectomy 2) To assess the immediate impact of mental practice on a mastoidectomy surgical task among senior Otolaryngology─Head & Neck Surgery (OHNS) residents.
METHOD
Three expert surgeons were interviewed using verbal protocol analysis to develop a mastoidectomy mental practice script. Twelve senior Residents from Canadian training programs were randomized into two groups. All Residents were video-recorded performing a baseline mastoidectomy in a temporal bone lab. The intervention group received mental practice training, while the control group undertook self-directed textbook study. All subjects were then video-recorded performing a second mastoidectomy. Changes in pre- and post-test scores using validated expert ratings, the Task Specific Evaluation of Mastoidectomy and the Global Evaluation of Mastoidectomy, were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS
A mental practice script was successfully developed based on interviews of three expert surgeon-educators. Task Specific Evaluation and Global Evaluation scores increased in both the mental practice and textbook study groups; there was no significant difference between the two groups in the change in scores post-intervention. There was a high and statistically signficant correlation between evaluators on the outcome measures.
CONCLUSIONS
We were not able to demonstrate a significant difference for the benefits of mental practice in mastoidectomy, possibly due to the sample size. However, mental practice is a surgical education tool which is portable, accessible, inexpensive and safe.
DOI: 10.1186/s40463-016-0162-2
PubMed: 27634316
PubMed Central: PMC5025613
Affiliations:
- Canada
- Colombie-Britannique , Ontario
- Toronto, Vancouver
- Université de Toronto, Université de la Colombie-Britannique
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savage, Julian" sort="Savage, Julian" uniqKey="Savage J" first="Julian" last="Savage">Julian Savage</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sidhu, Ravindar" sort="Sidhu, Ravindar" uniqKey="Sidhu R" first="Ravindar" last="Sidhu">Ravindar Sidhu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Vascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Vascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de la Colombie-Britannique</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique </region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Joseph" sort="Chen, Joseph" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Joseph" last="Chen">Joseph Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westerberg, Brian D" sort="Westerberg, Brian D" uniqKey="Westerberg B" first="Brian D" last="Westerberg">Brian D. 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C. Rotary Hearing and Balance Centre at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Providence 2 - 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B. C. Rotary Hearing and Balance Centre at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Providence 2 - 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de la Colombie-Britannique</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique </region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lea, Jane" sort="Lea, Jane" uniqKey="Lea J" first="Jane" last="Lea">Jane Lea</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B. C. Rotary Hearing and Balance Centre at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Providence 2 - 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B. C. Rotary Hearing and Balance Centre at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Providence 2 - 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de la Colombie-Britannique</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique </region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bance, Manohar" sort="Bance, Manohar" uniqKey="Bance M" first="Manohar" last="Bance">Manohar Bance</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chadha, Neil" sort="Chadha, Neil" uniqKey="Chadha N" first="Neil" last="Chadha">Neil Chadha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kilty, Shaun" sort="Kilty, Shaun" uniqKey="Kilty S" first="Shaun" last="Kilty">Shaun Kilty</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kozak, Frederick" sort="Kozak, Frederick" uniqKey="Kozak F" first="Frederick" last="Kozak">Frederick Kozak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savage, Julian" sort="Savage, Julian" uniqKey="Savage J" first="Julian" last="Savage">Julian Savage</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sidhu, Ravindar" sort="Sidhu, Ravindar" uniqKey="Sidhu R" first="Ravindar" last="Sidhu">Ravindar Sidhu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Vascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Vascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de la Colombie-Britannique</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique </region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Joseph" sort="Chen, Joseph" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Joseph" last="Chen">Joseph Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westerberg, Brian D" sort="Westerberg, Brian D" uniqKey="Westerberg B" first="Brian D" last="Westerberg">Brian D. Westerberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B. C. Rotary Hearing and Balance Centre at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Providence 2 - 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. BWesterberg@providencehealth.bc.ca.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B. C. Rotary Hearing and Balance Centre at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Providence 2 - 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de la Colombie-Britannique</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique </region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale</title><idno type="eISSN">1916-0216</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>British Columbia (MeSH)</term><term>Clinical Competence (MeSH)</term><term>Education, Medical, Graduate (MeSH)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Internship and Residency (MeSH)</term><term>Interviews as Topic (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Mastoid (surgery)</term><term>Mental Processes (MeSH)</term><term>Otolaryngology (education)</term><term>Video Recording (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Colombie-Britannique (MeSH)</term><term>Compétence clinique (MeSH)</term><term>Enregistrement sur magnétoscope (MeSH)</term><term>Enseignement spécialisé en médecine (MeSH)</term><term>Entretiens comme sujet (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Internat et résidence (MeSH)</term><term>Mastoïde (chirurgie)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Oto-rhino-laryngologie (enseignement et éducation)</term><term>Processus mentaux (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chirurgie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mastoïde</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="education" xml:lang="en"><term>Otolaryngology</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="enseignement et éducation" xml:lang="fr"><term>Oto-rhino-laryngologie</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="surgery" xml:lang="en"><term>Mastoid</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>British Columbia</term><term>Clinical Competence</term><term>Education, Medical, Graduate</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Internship and Residency</term><term>Interviews as Topic</term><term>Male</term><term>Mental Processes</term><term>Video Recording</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Colombie-Britannique</term><term>Compétence clinique</term><term>Enregistrement sur magnétoscope</term><term>Enseignement spécialisé en médecine</term><term>Entretiens comme sujet</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Internat et résidence</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Processus mentaux</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Mental practice, the cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of overt physical movement, has been successfully used in teaching complex psychomotor tasks including sports and music, and recently, surgical skills. The objectives of this study were, 1) To develop and evaluate a mental practice protocol for mastoidectomy 2) To assess the immediate impact of mental practice on a mastoidectomy surgical task among senior Otolaryngology─Head & Neck Surgery (OHNS) residents.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHOD</b></p><p>Three expert surgeons were interviewed using verbal protocol analysis to develop a mastoidectomy mental practice script. Twelve senior Residents from Canadian training programs were randomized into two groups. All Residents were video-recorded performing a baseline mastoidectomy in a temporal bone lab. The intervention group received mental practice training, while the control group undertook self-directed textbook study. All subjects were then video-recorded performing a second mastoidectomy. Changes in pre- and post-test scores using validated expert ratings, the Task Specific Evaluation of Mastoidectomy and the Global Evaluation of Mastoidectomy, were statistically analyzed.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>A mental practice script was successfully developed based on interviews of three expert surgeon-educators. Task Specific Evaluation and Global Evaluation scores increased in both the mental practice and textbook study groups; there was no significant difference between the two groups in the change in scores post-intervention. There was a high and statistically signficant correlation between evaluators on the outcome measures.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>We were not able to demonstrate a significant difference for the benefits of mental practice in mastoidectomy, possibly due to the sample size. However, mental practice is a surgical education tool which is portable, accessible, inexpensive and safe.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27634316</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>24</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1916-0216</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>45</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Sep</Month><Day>15</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Mental practice in postgraduate training: a randomized controlled trial in mastoidectomy skills.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>46</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s40463-016-0162-2</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Mental practice, the cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of overt physical movement, has been successfully used in teaching complex psychomotor tasks including sports and music, and recently, surgical skills. The objectives of this study were, 1) To develop and evaluate a mental practice protocol for mastoidectomy 2) To assess the immediate impact of mental practice on a mastoidectomy surgical task among senior Otolaryngology─Head & Neck Surgery (OHNS) residents.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHOD" NlmCategory="METHODS">Three expert surgeons were interviewed using verbal protocol analysis to develop a mastoidectomy mental practice script. Twelve senior Residents from Canadian training programs were randomized into two groups. All Residents were video-recorded performing a baseline mastoidectomy in a temporal bone lab. The intervention group received mental practice training, while the control group undertook self-directed textbook study. All subjects were then video-recorded performing a second mastoidectomy. Changes in pre- and post-test scores using validated expert ratings, the Task Specific Evaluation of Mastoidectomy and the Global Evaluation of Mastoidectomy, were statistically analyzed.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">A mental practice script was successfully developed based on interviews of three expert surgeon-educators. Task Specific Evaluation and Global Evaluation scores increased in both the mental practice and textbook study groups; there was no significant difference between the two groups in the change in scores post-intervention. There was a high and statistically signficant correlation between evaluators on the outcome measures.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">We were not able to demonstrate a significant difference for the benefits of mental practice in mastoidectomy, possibly due to the sample size. However, mental practice is a surgical education tool which is portable, accessible, inexpensive and safe.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Conlin</LastName><ForeName>Anne</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B. C. Rotary Hearing and Balance Centre at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Providence 2 - 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lea</LastName><ForeName>Jane</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B. C. Rotary Hearing and Balance Centre at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Providence 2 - 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bance</LastName><ForeName>Manohar</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chadha</LastName><ForeName>Neil</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kilty</LastName><ForeName>Shaun</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kozak</LastName><ForeName>Frederick</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Savage</LastName><ForeName>Julian</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sidhu</LastName><ForeName>Ravindar</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Vascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Joseph</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Westerberg</LastName><ForeName>Brian D</ForeName><Initials>BD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, B. C. Rotary Hearing and Balance Centre at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Providence 2 - 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. BWesterberg@providencehealth.bc.ca.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016449">Randomized Controlled Trial</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>15</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101479544</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1916-0208</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001955" MajorTopicYN="N">British Columbia</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002983" MajorTopicYN="Y">Clinical Competence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004503" MajorTopicYN="Y">Education, Medical, Graduate</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007396" MajorTopicYN="N">Internship and Residency</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007407" MajorTopicYN="N">Interviews as Topic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008416" MajorTopicYN="N">Mastoid</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000601" MajorTopicYN="Y">surgery</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008606" MajorTopicYN="Y">Mental Processes</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010036" MajorTopicYN="N">Otolaryngology</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000193" MajorTopicYN="Y">education</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014741" MajorTopicYN="N">Video Recording</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Education</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Graduate</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Imagery</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Mastoid</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Medical</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Motor skills</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>10</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>25</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27634316</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1186/s40463-016-0162-2</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1186/s40463-016-0162-2</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC5025613</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Otol Neurotol. 2010 Jul;31(5):759-65</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">20517169</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>BMJ. 1995 Jul 8;311(6997):109-12</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7613363</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>BJOG. 2012 Aug;119(9):1040-8</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22676644</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Laryngol Otol. 2011 Jun;125(6):580-4</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">21208489</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ann Surg. 2002 Oct;236(4):458-63; 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